cannot execute binary file: Exec format error

I guess you are using 32 bit Non-Qubes-Whonix and installed 64 bit
software. Through an undocumented way.

Generally, use apt-get. Only if there is no alternative and a strong
reason do manually install.

Firefox is called iceweasel in Debian and already installed from Debian
package sources.

But you should not use firefox / icewesel in Whonix anyhow. Use Tor
Browser. Why and documentation:

See also: